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cstmt.setString( 2, args[2] ); // bind value cstmt.registerOutParameter( 3, OracleTypes.CURSOR ); // returned cursor cstmt.execute(); rset = (ResultSet) cstmt.getObject( 3 ); while( rset.next() ) { System.out.println( rset.getInt( 1 ) + ", " + rset.getString( 2 ) + ", " + rset.getString( 3 ) ); } } finally { // release resources associated with JDBC in the finally clause. JDBCUtil.close( rset ); JDBCUtil.close( cstmt ); JDBCUtil.close( conn ); } } } We first invoke the program with the criterion ename and the bind value SCOTT to get the following output: B:\>java DemoRefCursor ora10g ename SCOTT URL:jdbc:oracle:thin:@(DESCRIPTION=(ADDRESS=(PROTOCOL=tcp)(PORT=1521) (HOST=rmenon-lap))(CONNECT_DATA=(SID=ora10g))) 7788, SCOTT, ANALYST Next, we invoke the program with the criterion job and the bind value CLERK to get the following output: B:\>java DemoRefCursor ora10g job CLERK URL:jdbc:oracle:thin:@(DESCRIPTION=(ADDRESS=(PROTOCOL=tcp)(PORT=1521) (HOST=rmenon-lap))(CONNECT_DATA=(SID=ora10g))) 7369, SMITH, CLERK 7876, ADAMS, CLERK 7900, JAMES, CLERK 7934, MILLER, CLERK The preceding program demonstrates that a ref cursor can be dynamically made to point to a different query at runtime. A ref cursor is typically used to return a query s result to client programs such as those written using JDBC/ODBC, Pro*C/Oracle Forms, and so on (as just demonstrated). This is a very powerful feature, because it allows the client and the server to transparently share the same result set. The ref cursor can be declared on the client (e.g., the ResultSet variable in our program, DemoRefCursor), it can be opened on the server, and the results can be fetched from the client. The next few sections assume that you know the difference between a hard parse and a soft parse of a DML statement. If you re not familiar with these concepts, please review the section Overview of How Oracle Processes SQL Statements (DML) of 5.

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As you know by now, each time an application opens a cursor, Oracle hard-parses the statement on the first encounter (or if the statement is no longer in the shared pool), and then soft-parses it on subsequent encounters. In this section, we will look at how a statement is parsed within a loop. To see the inner workings of our programs in this chapter, we will set SQL trace from Java by executing the method JDBCUtil.startTrace(). The method startTrace() of the JDBCUtil class is as follows: /** * starts SQL trace for a JDBC program. The SQL trace is * automatically disabled when the program ends */ public static void startTrace ( Connection connection ) throws SQLException { String setTimedStatisticsStmt = "alter session set timed_statistics=true"; String setTraceStmt = "alter session set events '10046 trace name context forever, level 12'"; Statement stmt = null; try { stmt = connection.createStatement(); stmt.execute( setTimedStatisticsStmt ); stmt.execute( setTraceStmt ); } finally { stmt.close(); } } As you can see, the method simply sets the timed statistics on and alters the session to enable SQL tracing. Subsequently, we will use tkprof to look at the trace file data. The concept of soft and hard parses in a loop is illustrated by the following program, DemoParse, with interspersed explanatory comments: import java.sql.SQLException; import java.sql.ResultSet; import java.sql.Connection; import java.sql.PreparedStatement; import oracle.jdbc.OracleTypes; import book.util.JDBCUtil; class DemoParse { public static void main(String args[]) throws Exception { Connection conn = null; PreparedStatement pstmt = null;

See s 7 and 11 for a brief overview Types to interface with the underlying structure of the CLR security system, including base classes for permissions Not covered in this book..

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PreparedStatement pstmt1 = null; ResultSet rset = null; ResultSet rset1 = null; try { // get connection - auto commit is off conn = (Connection) JDBCUtil. getConnection("scott", "tiger", args[0]); We start the trace, as we will use tkprof to demonstrate the concepts: JDBCUtil.startTrace( conn ); The first statement string has a tag enclosed within /*+ and */: String stmtString = "select /*+ prepareStatement() within loop */" + " empno, job from emp where ename = "; Why do we need the tag We need it because we will be comparing execution of the same statement (select empno, job from emp where ename= ) for two cases: Case 1: We execute prepareStatement() within a for loop that loops five times. Case 2: We execute prepareStatement() outside a for loop that loops five times. When we look at the tkprof output, we need to distinguish between the two cases; otherwise, tkprof will combine the statistics for both at one place, since the statements will be identical. When we use a tag of the form /*+ <some identifying string that is not a valid hint>*/, Oracle treats the tag as a no-op SQL hint (i.e., a null operation) and ignores it since it is not a valid hint, but still treats any two statements that have a different tag as different. Using a tag like this is a very useful trick to compare identical statements in a SQL trace, but distinguish their alternative execution profiles in the trace file. This technique will become clearer once we look at the tkprof output.

ID ASSIGN Expr { WHILE Expr DO Stmt { BEGIN StmtList END { IF Expr THEN Stmt { IF Expr THEN Stmt ELSE Stmt { PRINT Expr {

Note Instead of enclosing the tag between /*+ and */, you could enclose it within /* and */, which constitutes a comment. However, this works only in 9i; in 10g, as an optimization, Oracle strips out the comments before processing the statement, thus defeating the purpose of the tag.